Inom matematiken är Clausens funktion , introducerad av Thomas Clausen 1832, en speciell funktion . Den kan definieras som en integral , trigonometrisk serie , och med hjälp av andra speciella funktioner. Den är relaterad till polylogaritmen , inversa tangensintegralen , polygammafunktionen , Riemanns zetafunktion och Dirichlets betafunktion .
Clausens funktion av ordning 2 – som ofta kallas för Clausens funktion, fast den är en av Clausens funktioner – definieras som integralen
Cl
2
(
φ
)
=
−
∫
0
φ
log
|
2
sin
x
2
|
d
x
:
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\varphi )=-\int _{0}^{\varphi }\log {\Bigg |}2\sin {\frac {x}{2}}{\Bigg |}\,dx:}
I intervallet
0
<
φ
<
2
π
{\displaystyle 0<\varphi <2\pi \ }
får sinus endast positiva värdet, så absoluta värdet kan lämnas bort. Clausens funktion har Fourierserien
Cl
2
(
φ
)
=
∑
k
=
1
∞
sin
k
φ
k
2
=
sin
φ
+
sin
2
φ
2
2
+
sin
3
φ
3
2
+
sin
4
φ
4
2
+
⋯
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\varphi )=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\varphi }{k^{2}}}=\sin \varphi +{\frac {\sin 2\varphi }{2^{2}}}+{\frac {\sin 3\varphi }{3^{2}}}+{\frac {\sin 4\varphi }{4^{2}}}+\,\cdots }
d
d
θ
Cl
2
m
+
2
(
θ
)
=
d
d
θ
∑
k
=
1
∞
sin
k
θ
k
2
m
+
2
=
∑
k
=
1
∞
cos
k
θ
k
2
m
+
1
=
Cl
2
m
+
1
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{d\theta }}\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+2}(\theta )={\frac {d}{d\theta }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\theta }{k^{2m+2}}}=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos k\theta }{k^{2m+1}}}=\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+1}(\theta )}
d
d
θ
Cl
2
m
+
1
(
θ
)
=
d
d
θ
∑
k
=
1
∞
cos
k
θ
k
2
m
+
1
=
−
∑
k
=
1
∞
sin
k
θ
k
2
m
=
−
Cl
2
m
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{d\theta }}\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+1}(\theta )={\frac {d}{d\theta }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos k\theta }{k^{2m+1}}}=-\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\theta }{k^{2m}}}=-\operatorname {Cl} _{2m}(\theta )}
d
d
θ
Sl
2
m
+
2
(
θ
)
=
d
d
θ
∑
k
=
1
∞
cos
k
θ
k
2
m
+
2
=
−
∑
k
=
1
∞
sin
k
θ
k
2
m
+
1
=
−
Sl
2
m
+
1
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{d\theta }}\operatorname {Sl} _{2m+2}(\theta )={\frac {d}{d\theta }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos k\theta }{k^{2m+2}}}=-\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\theta }{k^{2m+1}}}=-\operatorname {Sl} _{2m+1}(\theta )}
d
d
θ
Sl
2
m
+
1
(
θ
)
=
d
d
θ
∑
k
=
1
∞
sin
k
θ
k
2
m
+
1
=
∑
k
=
1
∞
cos
k
θ
k
2
m
=
Sl
2
m
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{d\theta }}\operatorname {Sl} _{2m+1}(\theta )={\frac {d}{d\theta }}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\theta }{k^{2m+1}}}=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos k\theta }{k^{2m}}}=\operatorname {Sl} _{2m}(\theta )}
∫
0
θ
Cl
2
m
(
x
)
d
x
=
ζ
(
2
m
+
1
)
−
Cl
2
m
+
1
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\theta }\operatorname {Cl} _{2m}(x)\,dx=\zeta (2m+1)-\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+1}(\theta )}
∫
0
θ
Cl
2
m
+
1
(
x
)
d
x
=
Cl
2
m
+
2
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\theta }\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+1}(x)\,dx=\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+2}(\theta )}
∫
0
θ
Sl
2
m
(
x
)
d
x
=
Sl
2
m
+
1
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\theta }\operatorname {Sl} _{2m}(x)\,dx=\operatorname {Sl} _{2m+1}(\theta )}
∫
0
θ
Sl
2
m
+
1
(
x
)
d
x
=
ζ
(
2
m
+
2
)
−
Cl
2
m
+
2
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\theta }\operatorname {Sl} _{2m+1}(x)\,dx=\zeta (2m+2)-\operatorname {Cl} _{2m+2}(\theta )}
Relation till inversa tangensintegralen
redigera
Inversa tangensintegralen definieras i intervallet
0
<
z
<
1
{\displaystyle 0<z<1}
som
Ti
2
(
z
)
=
∫
0
z
tan
−
1
x
x
d
x
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
k
z
2
k
+
1
(
2
k
+
1
)
2
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Ti} _{2}(z)=\int _{0}^{z}{\frac {\tan ^{-1}x}{x}}\,dx=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {z^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)^{2}}}.}
Den kan skrivas i sluten form med hjälp av Clausens funktion:
Ti
2
(
tan
θ
)
=
θ
log
(
tan
θ
)
+
1
2
Cl
2
(
2
θ
)
+
1
2
Cl
2
(
π
−
2
θ
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Ti} _{2}(\tan \theta )=\theta \log(\tan \theta )+{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {Cl} _{2}(2\theta )+{\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\pi -2\theta ).}
Relation till Barnes G-funktion
redigera
För reella
0
<
z
<
1
{\displaystyle 0<z<1}
kan Clausens funktion av andra ordningen skrivas med hjälp av Barnes G-funktion och gammafunktionen :
Cl
2
(
2
π
z
)
=
2
π
log
(
G
(
1
−
z
)
G
(
1
+
z
)
)
−
2
π
log
(
sin
π
z
π
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(2\pi z)=2\pi \log \left({\frac {G(1-z)}{G(1+z)}}\right)-2\pi \log \left({\frac {\sin \pi z}{\pi }}\right).}
Cl
2
(
π
2
)
=
G
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)=G}
Cl
2
(
π
3
)
=
3
π
log
(
G
(
2
3
)
G
(
1
3
)
)
−
3
π
log
Γ
(
1
3
)
+
π
log
(
2
π
3
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {\pi }{3}}\right)=3\pi \log \left({\frac {G\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)}{G\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)}}\right)-3\pi \log \Gamma \left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+\pi \log \left({\frac {2\pi }{\sqrt {3}}}\right)}
Cl
2
(
2
π
3
)
=
2
π
log
(
G
(
2
3
)
G
(
1
3
)
)
−
2
π
log
Γ
(
1
3
)
+
2
π
3
log
(
2
π
3
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {2\pi }{3}}\right)=2\pi \log \left({\frac {G\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)}{G\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)}}\right)-2\pi \log \Gamma \left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)+{\frac {2\pi }{3}}\log \left({\frac {2\pi }{\sqrt {3}}}\right)}
Cl
2
(
π
4
)
=
2
π
log
(
G
(
7
8
)
G
(
1
8
)
)
−
2
π
log
Γ
(
1
8
)
+
π
4
log
(
2
π
2
−
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)=2\pi \log \left({\frac {G\left({\frac {7}{8}}\right)}{G\left({\frac {1}{8}}\right)}}\right)-2\pi \log \Gamma \left({\frac {1}{8}}\right)+{\frac {\pi }{4}}\log \left({\frac {2\pi }{\sqrt {2-{\sqrt {2}}}}}\right)}
Cl
2
(
3
π
4
)
=
2
π
log
(
G
(
5
8
)
G
(
3
8
)
)
−
2
π
log
Γ
(
3
8
)
+
3
π
4
log
(
2
π
2
+
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {3\pi }{4}}\right)=2\pi \log \left({\frac {G\left({\frac {5}{8}}\right)}{G\left({\frac {3}{8}}\right)}}\right)-2\pi \log \Gamma \left({\frac {3}{8}}\right)+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\log \left({\frac {2\pi }{\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}}\right)}
Cl
2
(
π
6
)
=
2
π
log
(
G
(
11
12
)
G
(
1
12
)
)
−
2
π
log
Γ
(
1
12
)
+
π
6
log
(
2
π
2
3
−
1
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {\pi }{6}}\right)=2\pi \log \left({\frac {G\left({\frac {11}{12}}\right)}{G\left({\frac {1}{12}}\right)}}\right)-2\pi \log \Gamma \left({\frac {1}{12}}\right)+{\frac {\pi }{6}}\log \left({\frac {2\pi {\sqrt {2}}}{{\sqrt {3}}-1}}\right)}
Cl
2
(
5
π
6
)
=
2
π
log
(
G
(
7
12
)
G
(
5
12
)
)
−
2
π
log
Γ
(
5
12
)
+
5
π
6
log
(
2
π
2
3
+
1
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {5\pi }{6}}\right)=2\pi \log \left({\frac {G\left({\frac {7}{12}}\right)}{G\left({\frac {5}{12}}\right)}}\right)-2\pi \log \Gamma \left({\frac {5}{12}}\right)+{\frac {5\pi }{6}}\log \left({\frac {2\pi {\sqrt {2}}}{{\sqrt {3}}+1}}\right)}
Speciella värden av högre ordningens funktioner
redigera
Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia , Clausen function , 19 december 2013 .
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., reds. (1965), ”Chapter 27.8” , Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables , New York: Dover, s. 1005, ISBN 978-0486612720
Adamchik, Viktor. S.. ”Contributions to the Theory of the Barnes Function” . https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0308086v1 .
Clausen, Thomas (1832). ”Über die Function sin φ + (1/22 ) sin 2φ + (1/32 ) sin 3φ + etc.” . Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik 8: sid. 298–300. ISSN 0075-4102 . http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN243919689_0008 .
Wood, Van E. (1968). ”Efficient calculation of Clausen's integral”. Math. Comp. 22 (104): sid. 883–884. doi :10.1090/S0025-5718-1968-0239733-9 .
Leonard Lewin, (Ed.). Structural Properties of Polylogarithms (1991) American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI. ISBN 0-8218-4532-2
Kölbig, Kurt Siegfried (1995). ”Chebyshev coefficients for the Clausen function Cl2 (x)”. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 64 (3): sid. 295–297. doi :10.1016/0377-0427(95)00150-6 .
Borwein, Jonathan M.; Straub, Armin. ”Relations for Nielsen Polylogarithms” . Arkiverad från originalet den 12 december 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212084540/http://www.thecarma.net/jon/nielsenrelations.pdf .
Borwein, Jonathan M.; Bradley, David M.; Crandall, Richard E. (2000). ”Computational Strategies for the Riemann Zeta Function” . J. Comp. App. Math. 121: sid. 247–296. http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/borwein1.pdf .
Kalmykov, Mikahil Yu.; Sheplyakov, A. (2005). ”LSJK - a C++ library for arbitrary-precision numeric evaluation of the generalized log-sine integral” . Comput. Phys. Comm. 172: sid. 45–59. doi :10.1016/j.cpc.2005.04.013 . https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0411100 .
Mathar, R. J.. ”A C99 implementation of the Clausen sums” . https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7504 .
Lu, Hung Jung; Perez, Christopher A. (1992). ”Massless one-loop scalar three-point integral and associated Clausen, Glaisher, and L-functions” . http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-5809.pdf .