Spoilereffekten

Spoilereffekten är en effekt inom omröstningar mellan kandidater eller omröstningsalternativ som ofta har liknande ideologier eller vallöften. En spoilerkandidats närvaro i valet drar röster från en stor kandidat med liknande politik och orsakar därigenom att en stark motståndare till båda vinner.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Referenser redigera

^ Buchler, Justin (2011-04-20) (på engelska). Hiring and Firing Public Officials: Rethinking the Purpose of Elections. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780199759965. https://books.google.com/books?id=9bzmTImCLfgC. ”a spoiler effect occurs when entry by a third-party candidate causes party A to defeat party B even though Party B would have won in a two-candidate race.”
^ King, Bridgett A.; Hale, Kathleen (2016-07-11) (på engelska). Why Don't Americans Vote? Causes and Consequences: Causes and Consequences. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440841163. https://books.google.com/books?id=-bCJDAAAQBAJ. ”Those votes that are cast for minor party candidates are perceived as taking away pivotal votes from major party candidates. ... This phenomenon is known as the "spoiler effect'”
^ Borgers, Christoph (2010-01-01) (på engelska). Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division. SIAM. ISBN 9780898716955. https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC. ”Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does not do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely”
^ Heckelman, Jac C.; Miller, Nicholas R. (2015-12-18) (på engelska). Handbook of Social Choice and Voting. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781783470730. https://books.google.com/books?id=KrckCwAAQBAJ. ”A spoiler effect occurs when a single party or a candidate entering an election changes the outcome to favor a different candidate.”

[1] Buchler, Justin (2011-04-20) (på engelska). Hiring and Firing Public Officials: Rethinking the Purpose of Elections. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780199759965. https://books.google.com/books?id=9bzmTImCLfgC. ”a spoiler effect occurs when entry by a third-party candidate causes party A to defeat party B even though Party B would have won in a two-candidate race.”

[2] King, Bridgett A.; Hale, Kathleen (2016-07-11) (på engelska). Why Don't Americans Vote? Causes and Consequences: Causes and Consequences. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440841163. https://books.google.com/books?id=-bCJDAAAQBAJ. ”Those votes that are cast for minor party candidates are perceived as taking away pivotal votes from major party candidates. ... This phenomenon is known as the "spoiler effect'”

[:0-3] Borgers, Christoph (2010-01-01) (på engelska). Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division. SIAM. ISBN 9780898716955. https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC. ”Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does not do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely”

[4] Heckelman, Jac C.; Miller, Nicholas R. (2015-12-18) (på engelska). Handbook of Social Choice and Voting. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781783470730. https://books.google.com/books?id=KrckCwAAQBAJ. ”A spoiler effect occurs when a single party or a candidate entering an election changes the outcome to favor a different candidate.”

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