Holocen-utdöendet

Holocen-utdöendet är ett pågående massutdöende av arter under den nuvarande geologiska epoken Holocen, vars senaste del också inofficiellt benämns Antropocen, som ett resultat av mänsklig aktivitet.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Utdöendet omfattar arter från åtskilliga familjer av växter^[4] och djur, däribland däggdjur, fåglar, groddjur, kräldjur och leddjur. Med en utbredd förstörelse av livsmiljöer med hög biologisk mångfald som korallrev och regnskogar såväl som andra områden, misstänks den största delen av dessa utdöenden vara odokumenterade genom att arterna varit oupptäckta vid tiden för deras utdöende eller för att ingen ännu upptäckt att de är utdöda. Den nuvarande artutdöendetakten uppskattas vara 100 till 1000 gånger högre än utdöendetakten mellan massutdöenden innan mänsklig påverkan.^[2]^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia.

Referenser redigera

^ ”World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice”. BioScience 67 (12): sid. 1026–1028. 13 November 2017. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf. ”Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.”. Arkiverad 15 december 2019 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 15 december 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf. Läst 9 april 2020.
^ [a b] Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). ”The misunderstood sixth mass extinction”. Science 360 (6393): sid. 1080–1081. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360.1080C.
^ Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). ”Defaunation in the Anthropocene”. Science 345 (6195): sid. 401–406. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345..401D. http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf. ”In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history.”.
^ Hollingsworth, Julia (11 juni 2019). ”Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years”. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/. Läst 14 januari 2020. ”"The research -- published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal -- found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention."”
^ Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). ”The Future of Biodiversity”. Science 269 (5222): sid. 347–350. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. Bibcode: 1995Sci...269..347P. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6736ae8ac75816d07f48747df58937fa88eae70f.
^ [a b] Lawton, J. H.; May, R. M. (1995). ”Extinction Rates”. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9: sid. 124–126. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.t01-1-9010124.x.
^ De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). ”Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction” (på spanska). Conservation Biology 29 (2): sid. 452–462. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf.
^ Teyssèdre, A. (2004). ”Biodiversity and Global Change”. Towards a sixth mass extinction crisis?. Paris: ADPF. ISBN 978-2-914-935289
^ Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; et al. (30 May 2014). ”The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection”. Science 344 (6187): sid. 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm+et+al.+2014.pdf. ”The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.”.

[WorldScientists-1] ”World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice”. BioScience 67 (12): sid. 1026–1028. 13 November 2017. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf. ”Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.”. Arkiverad 15 december 2019 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 15 december 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf. Läst 9 april 2020.

[Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06-2] [a b] Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). ”The misunderstood sixth mass extinction”. Science 360 (6393): sid. 1080–1081. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360.1080C.

[dirzo-3] Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). ”Defaunation in the Anthropocene”. Science 345 (6195): sid. 401–406. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345..401D. http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf. ”In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history.”.

[4] Hollingsworth, Julia (11 juni 2019). ”Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years”. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/. Läst 14 januari 2020. ”"The research -- published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal -- found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention."”

[:1-5] Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). ”The Future of Biodiversity”. Science 269 (5222): sid. 347–350. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. Bibcode: 1995Sci...269..347P. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6736ae8ac75816d07f48747df58937fa88eae70f.

[lawton95-6] [a b] Lawton, J. H.; May, R. M. (1995). ”Extinction Rates”. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9: sid. 124–126. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.t01-1-9010124.x.

[7] De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). ”Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction” (på spanska). Conservation Biology 29 (2): sid. 452–462. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf.

[Biodiversity-Global-Change-chapter2-8] Teyssèdre, A. (2004). ”Biodiversity and Global Change”. Towards a sixth mass extinction crisis?. Paris: ADPF. ISBN 978-2-914-935289

[PimmJenkins-9] Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; et al. (30 May 2014). ”The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection”. Science 344 (6187): sid. 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm+et+al.+2014.pdf. ”The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.”.

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