American Horse of the Year
American Horse of the Year är en utmärkelse inom nordamerikansk galoppsport, som delas ut årligen av Eclipse Awards.[1]
American Horse of the Year | |
Utdelare | Eclipse Awards |
---|---|
Land | USA |
Period | 1887– |
Återkommande | Årligen |
Flest priser | Kelso (5 st) |
Champion-utmärkelsen är en beteckning som ges till en häst, oavsett ålder, vars prestation under tävlingsåret ansågs vara den mest framstående. Listan nedan är en sammanställning av hästar som fått utmärkelsen från 1887, publicerad av Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Associations The Blood-Horse magazine (grundad 1961).[2][3]
Historia
redigeraÅr 1936 skapades utmärkelsen Horse of the Year genom en omröstning av personalen på The New York Morning Telegraph och dess systertidning, Daily Racing Form (DRF), en tabloid som grundades 1894 och som fokuserade på statistisk information för spelare.[4] Samtidigt anordnades en liknande omröstning av tidningen Turf and Sport Digest,som är baserad i Baltimore.[5] Thoroughbred Racing Associations (TRA) bildades 1942 som en förespråkargrupp och invigde ett liknande pris 1950, och valde ut sina vinnare från omröstningar av tävlingssekreterare från medlemsbanor över hela USA. De tre systemen resulterade i olika åsikter om "Årets häst"-mästare 1949, 1952, 1957, 1965 och 1970.[6] 1971 ingick DRF och TRA en överenskommelse med National Turf Writers Association om att slås samman till en gemensam utmärkelse, kallad Eclipse Awards.[7]
Lista på vinnare
redigeraFärgkodning |
Invald i Horse Racing Hall of Fame |
Eclipse Awards
redigeraDaily Racing Form, Turf & Sport Digest and Thoroughbred Racing Association Awards
redigeraDaily Racing Form and Turf & Sport Digest Awards
redigeraÅr | Häst | Tränare | Ägare | Ålder | Kön |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1949 | Capot (DRF)[65] | John M. Gaver Sr. | Greentree Stable | 3 | Hingst |
1949 | Coaltown (TSD)[66] | Horace A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 4 | Hingst |
1948 | Citation[67] | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 3 | Hingst |
1947 | Armed[68] | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 6 | Valack |
1946 | Assault[69] | Max Hirsch | King Ranch | 3 | Hingst |
1945 | Busher[70] | George M. Odom | Louis B. Mayer | 3 | Sto |
1944 | Twilight Tear[71][72] | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 3 | Sto |
1943 | Count Fleet[73] | Don Cameron | Fannie Hertz | 3 | Hingst |
1942 | Whirlaway[74] | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 4 | Hingst |
1941 | Whirlaway[75] | Ben A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 3 | Hingst |
1940 | Challedon[76] | Louis J. Schaefer | Branncastle Farm | 4 | Hingst |
1939 | Challedon[77] | Louis J. Schaefer | Branncastle Farm | 3 | Hingst |
1938 | Seabiscuit[78] | Tom Smith | Charles S. Howard | 5 | Hingst |
1937 | War Admiral[79] | George Conway | Glen Riddle Farm | 3 | Hingst |
1936 | Granville[80][81] | Jim Fitzsimmons | William Woodward Sr. | 3 | Hingst |
The Blood-Horse retrospective champions
redigeraReferenser
redigera- ^ ”February 7, 2008”. BloodHorse.com. 2008-02-07. http://www.bloodhorse.com/talkinhorses/DM020708.asp.
- ^ ”The Bloodhorse.com Champion's history charts”. The Bloodhorse.com Champion's history charts. http://www.bloodhorse.com/eclipsewinners/pdf/History_Charts.pdf.
- ^ ”Nack: The Final Furlong”. Nack: The Final Furlong. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/horse/columns/story?id=1589423.
- ^ ”Thoroughbred Heritage – Horse of the Year”. Thoroughbred Heritage – Horse of the Year. http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/Champs/AmHorseoftheYear.html.
- ^ ”How the Eclipse Awards Came to Be”. How the Eclipse Awards Came to Be. http://helloracefans.com/horses/eclipse-awards/how-the-eclipse-awards-came-to-be/. Arkiverad 30 november 2021 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
- ^ ”American Racing Champions 1936–1970: Horse of the Year”. Arkiverad från originalet den 13 december 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213042307/http://www.tra-online.com/archoy.html. Läst 30 november 2021.
- ^ ”TRA Eclipse Awards: Horse of the Year”. Arkiverad från originalet den 20 februari 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120220015542/http://www.tra-online.com/horse_year.html. Läst 30 november 2021.
- ^ ”Knicks Go Voted Horse of the Year” (på engelska). National Thoroughbred Racing Association. 10 februari 2022. https://www.ntra.com/knicks-go-voted-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 10 februari 2022.
- ^ ”Authentic Voted 2020 Horse of the Year”. Authentic Voted 2020 Horse of the Year. 29 January 2021. https://www.ntra.com/authentic-voted-2020-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Bricks and Mortar Voted 2019 Runhappy Horse of the Year”. Bricks and Mortar Voted 2019 Runhappy Horse of the Year. 24 January 2020. https://www.ntra.com/bricks-and-mortar-voted-2019-runhappy-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Justify Voted 2018 Horse of the Year”. Justify Voted 2018 Horse of the Year. 25 January 2019. https://www.ntra.com/justify-voted-2018-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Gun Runner Voted 2017 Horse of the Year”. Gun Runner Voted 2017 Horse of the Year. 26 January 2018. https://www.ntra.com/gun-runner-voted-2017-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”California Chrome Voted 2016 Horse of the Year”. California Chrome Voted 2016 Horse of the Year. 22 January 2017. https://www.ntra.com/california-chrome-voted-2016-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”American Pharoah is Unanimous 2015 Horse of the Year”. American Pharoah is Unanimous 2015 Horse of the Year. 16 January 2016. https://www.ntra.com/american-pharoah-is-unanimous-2015-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”California Chrome Voted 2014 Horse of the Year”. California Chrome Voted 2014 Horse of the Year. 17 January 2015. https://www.ntra.com/california-chrome-voted-2014-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Wise Dan Voted 2013 Horse of the Year”. Wise Dan Voted 2013 Horse of the Year. 18 January 2014. https://www.ntra.com/wise-dan-voted-2013-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Wise Dan Steals Show at 2012 Eclipse Awards”. Wise Dan Steals Show at 2012 Eclipse Awards. 19 January 2013. https://www.ntra.com/wise-dan-steals-show-at-2012-eclipse-awards/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Havre de Grace voted 2011 Horse of the Year”. Havre de Grace voted 2011 Horse of the Year. 16 January 2012. https://www.ntra.com/havre-de-grace-voted-2011-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Zenyatta Crowned Horse of the Year”. Zenyatta Crowned Horse of the Year. https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/138478/zenyatta-crowned-horse-of-the-year. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ Finley, Bill (19 januari 2010). ”Rachel Alexandra Wins Horse of the Year”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/sports/19racing.html. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ Finley, Bill (27 januari 2009). ”Curlin Repeats as Horse of the Year”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/sports/othersports/27racing.html. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Curlin named Horse of the Year”. Curlin named Horse of the Year. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2008-01-22-0801220262-story.html. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Eclipse Awards - Invasor is Horse of the Year”. Eclipse Awards - Invasor is Horse of the Year. 23 January 2007. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/eclipse-awards-invasor-is-horse-of-the-year/. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Saint Liam Voted Horse of the Year Honors; Also Top Older Male”. Saint Liam Voted Horse of the Year Honors; Also Top Older Male. https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/166920/saint-liam-voted-horse-of-the-year-honors-also-top-older-male. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Ghostzapper Ends Up the Smartest Money”. Los Angeles Times. 25 January 2005. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jan-25-sp-eclipse25-story.html. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Mineshaft strikes gold in Eclipses”. Mineshaft strikes gold in Eclipses. https://archive.boston.com/sports/other_sports/articles/2004/01/27/mineshaft_strikes_gold_in_eclipses/?page=2. Läst 17 september 2021.
- ^ ”Fort Marcy Top Horse”. Ottawa Citizen. 1 december 1970. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fJxjAAAAIBAJ&pg=1383,132838&dq=fort-marcy+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”How Horse of the Year voters play the game”. Daily Racing Form. http://www.drf.com/news/how-horse-year-voters-play-game.
- ^ ”Arts and Letters named 1969 Horse of the Year”. Ellensburg Daily Record. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19691202&id=575RAAAAIBAJ&pg=5938,4499821. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Dr Fager named Horse Of the Year”. Evening News. 5 december 1968. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i1pGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2480,842961&dq=fager+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”D. Fager Named Horse of the Year”. Lewiston Morning Tribune. 27 november 1968. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BL9eAAAAIBAJ&pg=6157,5103804&dq=fager+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Dr Fager Top Horse”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 13 november 1968. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UthaAAAAIBAJ&pg=3319,2050106&dq=fager+digest+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Damascus Chosen Horse of Year”. Pittsburgh Press. 24 november 1967. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XsAbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3758,2888626&dq=damascus+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Damascus Only Pick for Horse of Year”. Schenectady Gazette. 28 november 1967. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V2EtAAAAIBAJ&pg=857,6099547&dq=damascus+horse+of+the+year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Horse-of-Year Honors Gained by Buckpasser”. New York Times. 23 november 1966. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/23/archives/horseofyear-honors-gained-by-buckpasser.html. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Racing Magazine Names Buckpasser Horse of Year”. New York Times. 6 december 1966. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/06/archives/racing-magazine-names-buckpasser-horse-of-year.html. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Roman Brother:Horse of the Year”. Ocala Star-Banner. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ws1NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3700,2712842&dq=roman-brother+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Filly Takes Horse of the Year”. Youngstown Vindicator. 3 december 1965. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_vZbAAAAIBAJ&pg=2712,902052&dq=moccasin+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Moccasin choice as top horse”. Beaver County Times. 7 december 1965. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GAyAAAAIBAJ&pg=4246,1405708&dq=roman-brother+moccasin&hl=en. Läst 30 april 2012.
- ^ ”Kelso Makes Sweep of Racing Honors”. Pittsburgh Press. 8 december 1964. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OuojAAAAIBAJ&pg=7329,3232882&dq=kelso+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Kelso "Horse of the Year"”. News-Dispatch. 26 november 1963. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xc5WAAAAIBAJ&pg=3535,3772377&dq=kelso+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Kelso Named Again as Horse-of-Year”. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 6 december 1963. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dDFgAAAAIBAJ&pg=3068,777635&dq=kelso+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Kelso Horse of the Year”. Spokesman-Review. 24 november 1962. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GDhWAAAAIBAJ&pg=1661,2857646&dq=kelso+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Experts Name Kelso Horse of the Year”. Fort Scott Tribune. 29 november 1961. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j80fAAAAIBAJ&pg=1718,3642104&dq=kelso+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Kelso Picked Horse of the Year”. Prescott Evening Courier. 30 november 1960. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EhxPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5031,1363110&dq=kelso+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Sword Dancer Picked as Horse of the Year”. Montreal Gazette. 20 december 1959. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-4ktAAAAIBAJ&pg=6975,4128305&dq=sword-dancer+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Round Table is Selected Horse of the Year”. Washington Observer. 26 november 1958. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cctdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1630,2662871&dq=round-table+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Horsemen Argue Top Selection”. Washington Reporter. 6 december 1957. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=stVkAAAAIBAJ&pg=2771,3715315&dq=dedicate+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Bold Ruler Captures Horse of the Year Honors”. St. Petersburg Times. 26 november 1957. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WJlSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7407,5539876&dq=bold-ruler+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Bold Ruler Horse of the Year in Consensus of Turf Polls”. Youngstown Vindicator. 21 december 1957. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nU_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2125,1846790&dq=dedicate+digest+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Swaps Top Horse”. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 19 december 1956. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7alkAAAAIBAJ&pg=4973,2736084&dq=swaps+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Swaps Top Horse Of Year In Poll”. Los Angeles Times. 28 november 1956. Arkiverad från originalet den 7 november 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121107013926/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/436919212.html?dids=436919212:436919212&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1956&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=SWAPS+TOP+HORSE+OF+YEAR+IN+POLL&pqatl=google. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ [ Displaying Abstract]. ”Poll Names Nashua Horse of the Year”. New York Times. https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A14F83D5F117B93CAAB178AD95F418585F9. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”And Now It's Official, Nashua is the Champ”. Ocala Star-Banner. 9 december 1955. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KQEkAAAAIBAJ&pg=5562,6386621&dq=nashua+horse+of+the+year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Native Dancer Horse of Year”. St. Joseph News-Press. 27 november 1954. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xU1UAAAAIBAJ&pg=4723,6241249&dq=native-dancer+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ Roach, James (3 december 1954). ”Native Dancer Named Horse of Year”. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/03/archives/native-dancer-named-horse-of-year-haskell-elected-t-r-a-president.html. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Tom Fool collects one more Horse of the Year”. Spokesman-Review. 4 december 1953. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=031WAAAAIBAJ&pg=4928,1354280&dq=tom-fool+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Tom Fool Catches Foe Native Dancer at Last”. Deseret News. 13 november 1953. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1t4qAAAAIBAJ&pg=4845,2350865&dq=tom-fool+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ Roach, James (5 december 1952). ”VANDERBILT COLT IS HORSE OF YEAR”. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1952/12/05/archives/vanderbilt-colt-is-horse-of-year-native-dancer-named-the-1952.html. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Native Dancer Horse of the Year”. St. Petersburg Times. 20 december 1952. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KKxaAAAAIBAJ&pg=3415,2094278&dq=native-dancer+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Name One Count Horse of the Year”. Greensburg Daily Tribune. 24 november 1952. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9ZVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=1078,2616842&dq=one-count+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Counterpoint Named Horse-of-the-Year”. Lewiston Daily Sun. 19 november 1951. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pkgpAAAAIBAJ&pg=4835,4549187&dq=counterpoint+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Counterpoint, Citation are Honored”. Deseret News. 20 december 1951. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kEZPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3517,4500081&dq=counterpoint+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Hill Prince earns another Ballot as Horse of the Year”. Miami News. 19 december 1950. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mBRVAAAAIBAJ&pg=2935,5232986&dq=hill-prince+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.[död länk]
- ^ ”Capot chosen "Horse of Year"”. Pittsburgh Press. 27 november 1949. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iHgbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5654,4215464&dq=capot+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Coaltown is named "Horse of the Year"”. Schenectady Gazette. 14 december 1949. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19491214&id=OK40AAAAIBAJ&pg=921,2144802. Läst 26 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Citation Named Horse of the Year in National Poll”. Reading Eagle. 4 december 1948. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l6EhAAAAIBAJ&pg=6192,2370656&dq=citation+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Armed Selected Horse of Year”. Spokesman-Review. 16 december 1947. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LHpWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6535,703022&dq=armed+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Assault is Named Horse of the Year”. Edmonton Journal. 6 december 1946. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uONkAAAAIBAJ&pg=975,3232620&dq=assault+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Busher Wins Nation's Top Turf Honors”. Youngstown Vindicator. 10 december 1945. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UC5JAAAAIBAJ&pg=6169,3340988&dq=busher+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Twilight Tear Horse of Year”. Miami News. 4 december 1944. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yiMyAAAAIBAJ&pg=3475,1029337&dq=twilight-tear+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.[död länk]
- ^ ”Tear voted outstanding 1944 Horse”. St. Petersburg Times. 18 december 1944. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AqFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3923,3877980&dq=twilight-tear+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Count Fleet named Horse of the Year”. Pittsburgh Press. 18 december 1943. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g1cbAAAAIBAJ&pg=2771,2536681&dq=count-fleet+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Whirlaway is again winner of Horse of Year Crown”. Calgary Herald. 16 december 1942. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EDpkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1142,1727072&dq=whirlaway+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Whirlaway cops honor for year”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 9 december 1941. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lZRRAAAAIBAJ&pg=4772,5751098&dq=whirlaway+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Experts name Challedon for Horse of the Year”. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 11 december 1940. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oXUcAAAAIBAJ&pg=1500,5960527&dq=challedon+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 27 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Challedon and Bimelech receive top racing recognition”. Palm Beach Post. 12 december 1939. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HysyAAAAIBAJ&pg=1342,4004304&dq=challedon+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 26 februari 2012.[död länk]
- ^ ”Seabiscuit voted best of 1938 crop”. Prescott Evening Courier. 12 december 1938. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K61aAAAAIBAJ&pg=4373,2797726&dq=seabiscuit+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 26 februari 2012.
- ^ ”War Admiral gets High Award”. Herald-Journal. 10 december 1937. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TFAsAAAAIBAJ&pg=4471,3656525&dq=war+admiral+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 26 februari 2012.
- ^ ”Granville retired...”. Calgary Daily Herald. 17 december 1936. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yRxkAAAAIBAJ&pg=4954,5254966&dq=granville+horse-of-the-year&hl=en. Läst 26 februari 2012.
- ^ ”GRANVILLE NAMED YEAR'S BEST RACER in Poll of Turf Writers 258 Take Part in Balloting”. New York Times. Associated Press. 6 december 1936. https://www.nytimes.com/1936/12/06/archives/granville-named-years-best-racer-woodward-colt-heads-allage-and.html. Läst 27 februari 2012.